Science
Please follow the links below for research articles related to each ingredient.
Neuro1:
Acetyl-L-Carnitine
Thal, J.L., et al. A 1-year multicenter placebo-controlled study of acetyl-L-carnitine in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. American Academy of Neurology 47 (1996): 705-711.
Pettegrew, J.W., et al. Clinical and neurochemical effects of acetyl-L-carnitine in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiology of Aging 16 (1995): 1-4.
Thal, L.J., et al. A 1-year controlled trial of acetyl-L-carnitine in early-onset AD. Neurology 55 (2000): 805-810.
Alpha-Glycerylphosphoryl Choline
Amenta, F., et al. The cholinergic approach for the treatment of vascular dementia: evidence from pre-clinical and clinical studies. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension 24 (2002): 697-713.
Parnetti, L., et al. Choline alphoscerate in cognitive decline and in acute cerebrovasculardisease: an analysis of published clinical data. Mechanisms of Aging and Development 122 (2001): 2041-2055.
Alpha Lipoic Acid
Liu, J., and Ames, B.N. Reducing mitochondrial decay with mitochondrial nutrients to delay and treat cognitive dysfunction, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Nutritional Neuroscience 8 (2005): 67-89.
Kim, M.S., et al. Anti-obesity effects of alpha-lipoic acid mediated by suppression of hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase. Nature Medicine 10 (2004): 727-733.
Ames, B.N. A role for supplements in optimizing health: the metabolic tune-up. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 423 (2004): 227-234.
B-Vitamins
Calvaresi, E., and Bryan, J. B vitamins, cognition, and aging: a review. The Journals of Gerontology 56 (2000): 327-329.
Flicker, L., et al. B-vitamins reduce plasma levels of beta amyloid. Neurobiology of Aging Nov. 17 (2006).
Duthie, S.J., et al. Homocysteine, B vitamin status, and cognitive function in the elderly. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 75 (2002): 908-913.
Bacopa monniera
Maher, F.G., et al. The acute effects of combined administration of Ginko biloba andBacopa monniera on cognitive function in humans. Human Psychopharmacology 17 (2002): 163-164.
Roodenrys, S., et al. Chronic effects of brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) on human memory. Neuropsychopharmacology 27 (2002): 279-281.
Russo, A. and Borelli, F. Bacopa monniera, a reputed nootropic plant: an overview. Phytomedicine 12 (2005): 305-317.
Bioperine
Shoba, G., et al. Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers. Planta Medica 64 (1998): 353-356.
Badmaev, V., et al. Piperine derived from black pepper increases the plasma levels of coenzyme Q10 following oral supplementation. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 11 (2000): 109-113.
Caffeine
Smith, A., et al. Caffeine and central noradrenaline: effects on mood, cognitive performance, eye movements and cardiovascular function. Journal of Psychopharmacology 17 (2003): 283-292.
Smit, H.J., and Rogers, P.J. Effects of low doses of caffeine on cognitive performance, mood, and thirst in low and higher caffeine consumers. Pharmacology 152 (2000): 176-173.
Smith, A., et al. Effects of repeated doses of caffeine on mood and performance of alert and fatigued volunteers. Journal of Psychopharmacology 19 (2005): 620-626.
Di-methylaminoethanol (DMAE)
Dimpfel, W., et al. Efficacy of dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) containing vitamin-mineral drug combination on EEG patterns in the presence of different emotional states. European Journal of Medical Research 8 (2003): 183-191.
Ginko biloba
Birks, J., Grimley, E.V., Van Dongen, M. Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. Chochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2002): CD003120.
Mix, J.A., and Crews, W.D Jr. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of Ginkgo biloba extract Egb 761 in a sample of cognitively intact older adults: neuropsycholical findings. Human Psychopharmacology 17 (2002): 267-277.
Polich, J., and Gloria, R. Cognitive effects of a Ginkgo biloba/vinpocetine compound in normal adults: systematic assessment of perception, attention and memory. Human Psychopharmacology 16 (2001): 409-416.
Glucuronolactone
Tamai, Y., et al. Enhanced healing of cartilaginous injuries by N-acetyl-glucosamine and glucuronic acid. Carbohydrate Polymers 54 (2003): 251-262.
Phosphatidylserine
Kingsley, M.I., et al. Effects of phosphatidylserine on exercise capacity during cycling in active males. Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise 38 (2006): 64-71.
Jorissen, B.L., et al. Safety of soy-derived phosphatidylserinine in elderly people. Nutritional Neuroscience 5 (2002): 337-343.
Kingsley, M.I., et al. Effects of phosphatidylserine on oxidative stress following intermittent running. Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise 37 (2005): 1300-1306.
Rhodiola rosea
Shevtsov, V.A., et al. A randomized trial of two different doses of a SHR-5 Rhodiola rosea extract versus placebo and control of capacity for mental work. Phytomedicine 10 (2003): 95-105.
Spasov, A.A., et al. A double-blid, placebo-controlled pilot stud of the stimulating and adaptogenic effect of Rhodiola rosea SHR-5 extract on the fatigue of students caused by stress during an examination period with a repeated low-dose regimen. Phytomedicine 7 (2000): 85-89.
Darbinyan, V., et al. Rhodiola rosea in stress induced fatigue - a double blind cross-over study of a standardized extract SHR-5 with a repeated low-dose regimen on the mental performance of healthy physicians during night duty. Phytomedicine 7 (2000): 365-371.
De Bock, K., et al. Acute Rhodiola rosea intake can improve endurance exercise performance. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 14 (2003): 298-3007.
Taurine
Seidl, R., et al. A taurine and caffeine-containing drink stimulates cognitive performance and well-being. Amino Acids 19 (2000): 635-642.
Zhang, M., et al. Beneficial effects of taurine on serum lipids in overweight or obese non-diabetic subjects. Amino Acids 26 (2004): 267-271.
Zhang, M., et al. Effects of taurine supplementation on VDT work induced visual stress. Amino Acids 26 (2004): 59-63.
L-Theanine
Nagasawa, K., et al. Possible involvement of group 1 mGluRs in neuroprotective effect of theanine. Biochemical and Biphysical Research Communications 320 (2004): 116-122.
Kimura, K., et al. L-theanine reduces psychological and physiological stress responses. Biological Psychology 74 (2007): 39-45.
Eschenauer, G., and Sweet, B.V. Pharmacology and therapeutic uses of theanine. American Journal of Healthy-system Pharmacy 63 (2006): 28-30.
Tyrosine
Thomas, J.R., et al. Tyrosine improves working memory in a multitasking environment. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 64 (1999): 495-500.
Vinpocetine
Polich, J., and Gloria, R. Cognitive effects of a Ginkgo biloba/vinpocetine compound in normal adults: systematic assessment of perception, attention and memory. Human Psychopharmacology 16 (2001): 409-416.
Szatmari, S.Z., and Whitehouse, P.J. Vinpocetine for cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2003): CD003119.
Gulyas, B., et al. PET studies on the brain uptake and regional distribution of [11C]vinpocetine in human subjects. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 106 (2002): 325-332.
Subhan, Z., and Hindmarch, I. Psychopharmacological effects of vinpocetine in normal healthy volunteers. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 28 (1985): 567-571.
